TRestTools.cxx

/******************** REST disclaimer ***********************************
 * This file is part of the REST software framework.                     *
 *                                                                       *
 * Copyright (C) 2016 GIFNA/TREX (University of Zaragoza)                *
 * For more information see http://gifna.unizar.es/trex                  *
 *                                                                       *
 * REST is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify          *
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by  *
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or     *
 * (at your option) any later version.                                   *
 *                                                                       *
 * REST is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,               *
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of        *
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the          *
 * GNU General Public License for more details.                          *
 *                                                                       *
 * You should have a copy of the GNU General Public License along with   *
 * REST in $REST_PATH/LICENSE.                                           *
 * If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.                             *
 * For the list of contributors see $REST_PATH/CREDITS.                  *
 *************************************************************************/
 
#include "TRestTools.h"
 
#include <TClass.h>
#include <TFile.h>
#include <TKey.h>
#include <TSystem.h>
#include <TUrl.h>
 
#include <regex>
 
#ifdef USE_Curl
#include <curl/curl.h>
#endif
 
#ifdef WIN32
#include <io.h>
#else
#include "unistd.h"
#endif  // !WIN32
 
#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <array>
#endif
 
#include <chrono>
#include <filesystem>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <thread>
 
#include "TRestStringHelper.h"
#include "TRestStringOutput.h"
 
using namespace std;
 
std::vector<string> TRestTools::GetOptions(string optionsStr) { return Split(optionsStr, ":"); }
 
void TRestTools::LoadRESTLibrary(bool silent) {
    const set<string> libraryExtension{".so", ".dylib", ".dll"};
    const set<string> excludedLibraries{
        "RestG4"};  // Ignoring package libraries if they exist. TODO: do not hardcode this
 
    vector<string> ldPaths;
#ifdef WIN32
    ldPaths.push_back(REST_PATH + "/bin/");
#elif __APPLE__
    ldPaths.push_back(REST_PATH + "/bin/");
#else
    ldPaths.push_back(REST_PATH + "/lib/");
#endif  // WIN32
    ldPaths.push_back(REST_USER_PATH + "/userlib/");
 
    vector<string> fileList;
    for (const std::filesystem::path path : ldPaths) {
        if (!exists(path)) {
            // RESTWarning << "Directory " << string(path) << " for library loading not exist" << RESTendl;
            continue;
        }
        for (const auto& it : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(path)) {
            if (!it.is_regular_file()) {
                continue;
            }
            if (libraryExtension.count(it.path().extension().string()) == 0) {
                // needs correct extension e.g. ".so"
                continue;
            }
            const TString pathRootString = it.path().string();
            TString libName = TRestTools::SeparatePathAndName((std::string)pathRootString).second;
            if (!libName.Contains("Rest", TString::kExact)) {
                // e.g. "libRestFramework.so"
                continue;
            }
            // Check if library is excluded from loading e.g. is from a package
            bool excluded = false;
            for (const TString excludedLibrary : excludedLibraries) {
                if (libName.Contains(excludedLibrary, TString::kExact)) {
                    excluded = true;
                    // RESTWarning << "Library '" << pathRootString << "' excluded from loading" << RESTendl;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (excluded) {
                continue;
            }
            fileList.emplace_back(it.path().string());
        }
    }
 
    // load the found REST libraries
    if (!silent) cout << "= Loading libraries ..." << endl;
    for (const auto& library : fileList) {
        if (!silent) cout << " - " << library << endl;
        gSystem->Load(library.c_str());
    }
    if (!silent) cout << endl;
}
 
template <typename T>
int TRestTools::PrintTable(std::vector<std::vector<T>> data, Int_t start, Int_t end) {
    Int_t size = data.size();
    if (end > 0 && size > end) size = end;
    for (int n = start; n < size; n++) {
        for (unsigned int m = 0; m < data[n].size(); m++) cout << data[n][m] << "\t";
        cout << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}
 
template int TRestTools::PrintTable<Int_t>(std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>> data, Int_t start, Int_t end);
template int TRestTools::PrintTable<Float_t>(std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>> data, Int_t start, Int_t end);
template int TRestTools::PrintTable<Double_t>(std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>> data, Int_t start,
                                              Int_t end);
 
template <typename T>
int TRestTools::ExportASCIITable(std::string fname, std::vector<std::vector<T>>& data) {
    ofstream file(fname);
    if (!file.is_open()) {
        RESTError << "Unable to open file for writing : " << fname << RESTendl;
        return 1;
    }
 
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < data.size(); n++)
        for (unsigned int m = 0; m < data[n].size(); m++) {
            file << data[n][m];
            if (m + 1 < data[n].size()) file << "\t";
            if (m + 1 == data[n].size()) file << "\n";
        }
    file.close();
 
    return 0;
}
 
template int TRestTools::ExportASCIITable<Int_t>(std::string fname, std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>>& data);
template int TRestTools::ExportASCIITable<Float_t>(std::string fname,
                                                   std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data);
template int TRestTools::ExportASCIITable<Double_t>(std::string fname,
                                                    std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data);
 
template <typename T>
int TRestTools::ExportBinaryTable(std::string fname, std::vector<std::vector<T>>& data) {
    ofstream file(fname, ios::out | ios::binary);
    if (!file.is_open()) {
        RESTError << "Unable to open file for writing : " << fname << RESTendl;
        return 1;
    }
 
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < data.size(); n++)
        for (unsigned int m = 0; m < data[n].size(); m++) {
            file.write((char*)&data[n][m], sizeof(T));
        }
    file.close();
 
    return 0;
}
 
template int TRestTools::ExportBinaryTable<Int_t>(std::string fname, std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>>& data);
template int TRestTools::ExportBinaryTable<Float_t>(std::string fname,
                                                    std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data);
template int TRestTools::ExportBinaryTable<Double_t>(std::string fname,
                                                     std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data);
 
template <typename T>
int TRestTools::ReadBinaryTable(string fName, std::vector<std::vector<T>>& data, Int_t columns) {
    if (!TRestTools::isValidFile((string)fName)) {
        RESTError << "TRestTools::ReadBinaryTable. Error." << RESTendl;
        RESTError << "Cannot open file : " << fName << RESTendl;
        return 0;
    }
 
    if (columns == -1) {
        columns = GetBinaryFileColumns(fName);
        if (columns == -1) {
            RESTError << "TRestTools::ReadBinaryTable. Format extension error." << RESTendl;
            RESTError << "Please, specify the number of columns at the method 3rd argument" << RESTendl;
            return 0;
        }
    }
 
    std::ifstream fin(fName, std::ios::binary);
    fin.seekg(0, std::ios::end);
    const size_t num_elements = fin.tellg() / sizeof(T);
    fin.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
 
    if (num_elements % columns != 0) {
        cout << "TRestTools::ReadBinaryTable. Error." << endl;
        cout << "Number of elements : " << num_elements
             << " is not compatible with the number of columns : " << columns << endl;
        fin.close();
        return 0;
    }
 
    std::vector<T> dataArray(columns);
    fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dataArray[0]), columns * sizeof(T));
    while (fin.good()) {
        data.push_back(dataArray);
        fin.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&dataArray[0]), columns * sizeof(T));
    }
    return 1;
}
 
template int TRestTools::ReadBinaryTable<Int_t>(string fName, std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>>& data,
                                                Int_t columns);
template int TRestTools::ReadBinaryTable<Float_t>(string fName, std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data,
                                                  Int_t columns);
template int TRestTools::ReadBinaryTable<Double_t>(string fName, std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data,
                                                   Int_t columns);
 
Bool_t TRestTools::IsBinaryFile(string fname) {
    if (GetBinaryFileColumns(fname) > 0) return true;
    return false;
}
 
int TRestTools::GetBinaryFileColumns(string fname) {
    string extension = GetFileNameExtension(fname);
    if (extension.find("N") != 0) {
        return -1;
    }
 
    size_t pos = extension.find("i");
    if (pos != string::npos) {
        return StringToInteger(extension.substr(1, pos - 1));
    }
 
    pos = extension.find("f");
    if (pos != string::npos) {
        return StringToInteger(extension.substr(1, pos - 1));
    }
 
    pos = extension.find("d");
    if (pos != string::npos) {
        return StringToInteger(extension.substr(1, pos - 1));
    }
 
    RESTError << "Format " << ToUpper(extension) << " not recognized" << RESTendl;
    return -1;
}
 
template <typename T>
void TRestTools::TransposeTable(std::vector<std::vector<T>>& data) {
    if (data.size() == 0) return;
 
    std::vector<std::vector<T>> trans_vec(data[0].size(), std::vector<T>());
 
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++)
        for (unsigned int j = 0; j < data[i].size(); j++) trans_vec[j].push_back(data[i][j]);
 
    data = trans_vec;
}
 
template void TRestTools::TransposeTable<Double_t>(std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data);
 
template void TRestTools::TransposeTable<Float_t>(std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data);
 
template void TRestTools::TransposeTable<Int_t>(std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>>& data);
 
template <typename T>
T TRestTools::GetMaxValueFromTable(const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& data, Int_t column) {
    if (data.size() == 0) return 0;
    if (column > -1 && data[0].size() <= (unsigned int)column) return 0;
 
    T maxValue = data[0][0];
    if (column == -1) {
        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < data.size(); n++)
            for (unsigned int c = 0; c < data[n].size(); c++)
                if (maxValue < data[n][c]) maxValue = data[n][c];
    } else {
        maxValue = data[0][column];
        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < data.size(); n++)
            if (maxValue < data[n][column]) maxValue = data[n][column];
    }
 
    return maxValue;
}
 
template Int_t TRestTools::GetMaxValueFromTable<Int_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>>& data,
                                                       Int_t column);
 
template Float_t TRestTools::GetMaxValueFromTable<Float_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data,
                                                           Int_t column);
 
template Double_t TRestTools::GetMaxValueFromTable<Double_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data,
                                                             Int_t column);
 
template <typename T>
T TRestTools::GetMinValueFromTable(const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& data, Int_t column) {
    if (data.empty()) return 0;
    if (column != -1 && data[0].size() <= (unsigned int)column) return 0;
 
    T minValue = data[0][0];
    if (column == -1) {
        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < data.size(); n++)
            for (unsigned int c = 0; c < data[n].size(); c++)
                if (minValue > data[n][c]) minValue = data[n][c];
    } else {
        minValue = data[0][column];
        for (unsigned int n = 0; n < data.size(); n++)
            if (minValue > data[n][column]) minValue = data[n][column];
    }
 
    return minValue;
}
 
template Int_t TRestTools::GetMinValueFromTable<Int_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>>& data,
                                                       Int_t column);
 
template Float_t TRestTools::GetMinValueFromTable<Float_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data,
                                                           Int_t column);
 
template Double_t TRestTools::GetMinValueFromTable<Double_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data,
                                                             Int_t column);
 
template <typename T>
T TRestTools::GetLowestIncreaseFromTable(std::vector<std::vector<T>> data, Int_t column) {
    if (data.size() == 0 || data[0].size() <= (unsigned int)column) return 0;
    T lowestIncrease = abs(data[0][column] - data[1][column]);
    for (unsigned int n = 1; n < data.size(); n++) {
        T value = abs(data[n - 1][column] - data[n][column]);
        if (lowestIncrease == 0) lowestIncrease = value;
        if (value > 0 && value < lowestIncrease) lowestIncrease = value;
    }
    return lowestIncrease;
}
 
template Int_t TRestTools::GetLowestIncreaseFromTable<Int_t>(std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>> data,
                                                             Int_t column);
 
template Float_t TRestTools::GetLowestIncreaseFromTable<Float_t>(std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>> data,
                                                                 Int_t column);
 
template Double_t TRestTools::GetLowestIncreaseFromTable<Double_t>(std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>> data,
                                                                   Int_t column);
 
template <typename T>
T TRestTools::GetIntegralFromTable(const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& data) {
    if (data.size() == 0) return 0;
    T sum = 0;
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < data.size(); n++) {
        for (unsigned int m = 0; m < data[n].size(); m++) sum += data[n][m];
    }
    return sum;
}
 
template Int_t TRestTools::GetIntegralFromTable<Int_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>>& data);
 
template Float_t TRestTools::GetIntegralFromTable<Float_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data);
 
template Double_t TRestTools::GetIntegralFromTable<Double_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data);
 
template <typename T>
std::vector<T> TRestTools::GetColumnFromTable(const std::vector<std::vector<T>>& data, unsigned int column) {
    std::vector<T> columnData;
    if (data.size() == 0 || data[0].size() <= column) return columnData;
 
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < data.size(); n++) columnData.push_back(data[n][column]);
 
    return columnData;
}
 
template std::vector<Int_t> TRestTools::GetColumnFromTable<Int_t>(const std::vector<std::vector<Int_t>>& data,
                                                                  unsigned int column);
 
template std::vector<Float_t> TRestTools::GetColumnFromTable<Float_t>(
    const std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data, unsigned int column);
 
template std::vector<Double_t> TRestTools::GetColumnFromTable<Double_t>(
    const std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data, unsigned int column);
 
int TRestTools::ReadASCIITable(string fName, std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data, Int_t skipLines,
                               std::string separator) {
    if (!TRestTools::isValidFile((string)fName)) {
        cout << "TRestTools::ReadASCIITable. Error" << endl;
        cout << "Cannot open file : " << fName << endl;
        return 0;
    }
 
    data.clear();
 
    std::ifstream fin(fName);
 
    // First we create a table with string values
    std::vector<std::vector<string>> values;
 
    for (string line; std::getline(fin, line);) {
        if (skipLines > 0) {
            skipLines--;
            continue;
        }
 
        if (line.find("#") == string::npos) {
            std::istringstream in(line);
 
            std::string token;
            std::vector<std::string> tokens;
            while (std::getline(in, token, (char)separator[0])) {
                tokens.push_back(token);
            }
            values.push_back(tokens);
        }
    }
 
    // Filling the double values table (TODO error handling in case ToDouble conversion fails)
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < values.size(); n++) {
        std::vector<Double_t> dblTmp;
        dblTmp.clear();
 
        for (unsigned int m = 0; m < values[n].size(); m++) dblTmp.push_back(StringToDouble(values[n][m]));
 
        data.push_back(dblTmp);
    }
 
    return 1;
}
 
int TRestTools::ReadASCIITable(string fName, std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data, Int_t skipLines,
                               std::string separator) {
    if (!TRestTools::isValidFile((string)fName)) {
        cout << "TRestTools::ReadASCIITable. Error" << endl;
        cout << "Cannot open file : " << fName << endl;
        return 0;
    }
 
    data.clear();
 
    std::ifstream fin(fName);
 
    // First we create a table with string values
    std::vector<std::vector<string>> values;
 
    for (string line; std::getline(fin, line);) {
        if (skipLines > 0) {
            skipLines--;
            continue;
        }
 
        if (line.find("#") == string::npos) {
            std::istringstream in(line);
 
            std::string token;
            std::vector<std::string> tokens;
            while (std::getline(in, token, (char)separator[0])) {
                tokens.push_back(token);
            }
            values.push_back(tokens);
        }
    }
 
    // Filling the float values table (TODO error handling in case ToFloat conversion fails)
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < values.size(); n++) {
        std::vector<Float_t> dblTmp;
        dblTmp.clear();
 
        for (unsigned int m = 0; m < values[n].size(); m++) dblTmp.push_back(StringToFloat(values[n][m]));
 
        data.push_back(dblTmp);
    }
 
    return 1;
}
 
int TRestTools::ReadCSVFile(std::string fName, std::vector<std::vector<Double_t>>& data, Int_t skipLines) {
    return ReadASCIITable(fName, data, skipLines, ",");
}
 
int TRestTools::ReadCSVFile(std::string fName, std::vector<std::vector<Float_t>>& data, Int_t skipLines) {
    return ReadASCIITable(fName, data, skipLines, ",");
}
 
Int_t TRestTools::isValidFile(const string& path) { return std::filesystem::is_regular_file(path); }
 
bool TRestTools::fileExists(const string& filename) { return std::filesystem::exists(filename); }
 
bool TRestTools::isRootFile(const string& filename) { return GetFileNameExtension(filename) == "root"; }
 
bool TRestTools::isRunFile(const std::string& filename) {
    if (!isRootFile(filename)) return false;
 
    TFile* f = TFile::Open((TString)filename);
 
    TIter nextkey(f->GetListOfKeys());
    TKey* key;
    while ((key = (TKey*)nextkey())) {
        if ((std::string)key->GetClassName() == "TRestRun") return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
bool TRestTools::isDataSet(const std::string& filename) {
    if (!isRootFile(filename)) return false;
 
    TFile* f = TFile::Open((TString)filename);
 
    TIter nextkey(f->GetListOfKeys());
    TKey* key;
    while ((key = (TKey*)nextkey())) {
        if ((std::string)key->GetClassName() == "TRestDataSet") return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
bool TRestTools::isURL(const string& s) {
    std::regex pattern("^https?://(.+)");
    return std::regex_match(s, pattern);
}
 
bool TRestTools::isPathWritable(const string& path) {
    int result = 0;
#ifdef WIN32
    result = _access(path.c_str(), 2);
#else
    result = access(path.c_str(), 2);
#endif
 
    if (result == 0)
        return true;
    else
        return false;
}
 
bool TRestTools::isAbsolutePath(const string& path) {
    if (path[0] == '/' || path[0] == '~' || path.find(':') != string::npos) {
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
 
std::pair<string, string> TRestTools::SeparatePathAndName(const string& fullname) {
    filesystem::path path(fullname);
    return {path.parent_path().string(), path.filename().string()};
}
 
string TRestTools::GetFileNameExtension(const string& fullname) {
    string extension = filesystem::path(fullname).extension().string();
    if (extension.size() > 1) return extension.substr(1);
    return extension;
}
 
string TRestTools::GetFileNameRoot(const string& fullname) {
    return filesystem::path(fullname).stem().string();
}
 
string TRestTools::RemoveMultipleSlash(string str) {
    // we replace multiple appearances of "/" (slash) by a single "/"
    string to_replace = "//";
    size_t start_pos = str.find(to_replace);
    while (start_pos != string::npos) {
        str.replace(start_pos, to_replace.length(), "/");
        start_pos = str.find(to_replace);
    }
    return str;
}
 
string TRestTools::GetPureFileName(const string& path) { return filesystem::path(path).filename().string(); }
 
string TRestTools::ToAbsoluteName(const string& filename) {
    filesystem::path path;
    for (const auto& directory : filesystem::path(filename)) {
        if (path.empty() && directory == "~") {
            // path starts with ~
            const auto envVariableHome = getenv("HOME");
            if (envVariableHome == nullptr) {
                cout << "TRestTools::ToAbsoluteName - ERROR - "
                        "cannot resolve ~ because 'HOME' env variable does not exist"
                     << endl;
                exit(1);
            }
            const auto userHomePath = filesystem::path(envVariableHome);
            if (userHomePath.empty()) {
                cout << "TRestTools::ToAbsoluteName - ERROR - "
                        "cannot resolve ~ because 'HOME' env variable is not set to a valid value"
                     << endl;
                exit(1);
            }
            path /= userHomePath;
        } else {
            path /= directory;
        }
    }
    return filesystem::weakly_canonical(path).string();
}
 
vector<string> TRestTools::GetSubdirectories(const string& _path, int recursion) {
    vector<string> result;
 
    std::filesystem::path path(_path);
    if (exists(path)) {
        std::filesystem::directory_iterator iter(path);
        for (auto& it : iter) {
            if (it.is_directory()) {
                result.push_back(it.path().string());
 
                if (recursion != 0) {
                    vector<string> subD = GetSubdirectories(it.path().string(), recursion - 1);
                    result.insert(result.begin(), subD.begin(), subD.end());
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    return result;
}
 
string TRestTools::SearchFileInPath(vector<string> paths, string filename) {
    if (fileExists(filename)) {
        return filename;
    } else {
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < paths.size(); i++) {
            string path = paths[i];
            if (path[path.size() - 1] != '/') {
                path = path + "/";
            }
 
            if (fileExists(path + filename)) {
                return path + filename;
            }
 
            // search also in subdirectory, but only 5 times of recursion
            vector<string> pathsExpanded = GetSubdirectories(paths[i], 5);
            for (unsigned int j = 0; j < pathsExpanded.size(); j++)
                if (fileExists(pathsExpanded[j] + "/" + filename)) return pathsExpanded[j] + "/" + filename;
        }
    }
    return "";
}
 
bool TRestTools::CheckFileIsAccessible(const std::string& filename) {
    ifstream ifs;
    ifs.open(filename.c_str());
 
    if (!ifs) {
        return false;
    } else {
        ifs.close();
    }
    return true;
}
 
vector<string> TRestTools::GetFilesMatchingPattern(string pattern) {
    std::vector<string> outputFileNames;
    if (pattern != "") {
        vector<string> items = Split(pattern, "\n");
        for (auto item : items) {
            if (item.find_first_of("*?") != string::npos) {
#ifdef WIN32
                item = Replace(item, "/", "\\");
                string item_trim =
                    item.substr(0, item.find_first_of("*?"));  // trim string to before wildcard character
                auto path_name = SeparatePathAndName(item_trim);
                string _path = path_name.first;
                if (!std::filesystem::exists(_path)) {
                    RESTError << "TRestTools::GetFilesMatchingPattern(): path " << _path << " does not exist!"
                              << RESTendl;
                    return outputFileNames;
                }
 
                std::filesystem::path path(_path);
                std::filesystem::recursive_directory_iterator iter(path);
                for (auto& it : iter) {
                    if (it.is_regular_file()) {
                        string filename = it.path().string();
                        if (MatchString(filename, item)) {
                            outputFileNames.push_back(it.path().string());
                        }
                    }
                }
#else
                string a = Execute("find " + item);
                auto b = Split(a, "\n");
 
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < b.size(); i++) {
                    outputFileNames.push_back(b[i]);
                }
#endif
 
            } else {
                if (fileExists(item)) outputFileNames.push_back(item);
            }
        }
    }
    return outputFileNames;
}
 
int TRestTools::ConvertVersionCode(string in) {
#ifndef REST_Version
#define REST_VERSION(a, b, c) (((a) << 16) + ((b) << 8) + (c))
#endif
    vector<string> ver = Split(in, ".");
    if (ver.size() == 3) {
        vector<int> verint;
        for (auto v : ver) {
            int n = StringToInteger(v.substr(0, v.find_first_not_of("0123456789")));
            if (n != -1) {
                verint.push_back(n);
            } else {
                return -1;
            }
        }
        return REST_VERSION(verint[0], verint[1], verint[2]);
    }
    return -1;
}
 
string TRestTools::Execute(string cmd) {
    std::array<char, 128> buffer;
    string result;
#ifdef WIN32
    std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&_pclose)> pipe(_popen(("powershell.exe " + cmd).c_str(), "r"), _pclose);
#else
    std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&pclose)> pipe(popen(cmd.c_str(), "r"), pclose);
#endif  // WIN32
 
    if (!pipe) {
        throw std::runtime_error("popen() failed!");
    }
    while (fgets(buffer.data(), buffer.size(), pipe.get()) != nullptr) {
        result += buffer.data();
    }
 
    if (result.size() > 0 && result[result.size() - 1] == '\n')
        result = result.substr(0, result.size() - 1);  // remove last "\n"
 
    return result;
}
 
std::istream& TRestTools::GetLine(std::istream& is, std::string& t) {
    t.clear();
 
    // The characters in the stream are read one-by-one using a std::streambuf.
    // That is faster than reading them one-by-one using the std::istream.
    // Code that uses streambuf this way must be guarded by a sentry object.
    // The sentry object performs various tasks,
    // such as thread synchronization and updating the stream state.
 
    std::istream::sentry se(is, true);
    std::streambuf* sb = is.rdbuf();
 
    for (;;) {
        int c = sb->sbumpc();
        switch (c) {
            case '\n':
                return is;
            case '\r':
                if (sb->sgetc() == '\n') sb->sbumpc();
                return is;
            case std::streambuf::traits_type::eof():
                // Also handle the case when the last line has no line ending
                if (t.empty()) is.setstate(std::ios::eofbit);
                return is;
            default:
                t += (char)c;
        }
    }
}
 
std::string TRestTools::DownloadRemoteFile(const string& url) {
    string pureName = TRestTools::GetPureFileName(url);
    if (pureName.empty()) {
        RESTWarning << "error! (TRestTools::DownloadRemoteFile): url is not a file!" << RESTendl;
        RESTWarning << "please specify a concrete file name in this url" << RESTendl;
        RESTWarning << "url: " << url << RESTendl;
        return "";
    }
 
    if (url.find("local:") == 0) {
        return Replace(url, "local:", "");
    } else {
        string fullpath = REST_USER_PATH + "/download/" + pureName;
        int out;
        int attempts = 10;
        do {
            out = TRestTools::DownloadRemoteFile(url, fullpath);
            if (out == 1024) {
                RESTWarning << "Retrying download in 5 seconds" << RESTendl;
                std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));
            } else if (attempts < 10) {
                RESTSuccess << "Download succeeded after " << 10 - attempts << " attempts" << RESTendl;
            }
            attempts--;
        } while (out == 1024 && attempts > 0);
 
        if (out == 0 || TRestTools::fileExists(fullpath)) {
            return fullpath;
        } else {
            return "";
        }
    }
    return "";
}
 
int TRestTools::DownloadRemoteFile(string remoteFile, string localFile) {
    TUrl url(remoteFile.c_str());
 
    RESTInfo << "Downloading remote file : " << remoteFile << RESTendl;
    RESTInfo << "To local file : " << localFile << RESTendl;
 
    string localFiletmp = localFile + ".restdownload";
    if ((string)url.GetProtocol() == "https" || (string)url.GetProtocol() == "http") {
        string path = TRestTools::SeparatePathAndName(localFiletmp).first;
        if (!TRestTools::fileExists(path)) {
            if (!filesystem::create_directories(path)) {
                std::cerr << "mkdir failed to create directory: " << path << std::endl;
                return -1;
            }
        }
 
        string cmd = "wget --no-check-certificate " + EscapeSpecialLetters(remoteFile) + " -O " +
                     EscapeSpecialLetters(localFiletmp) + " -q";
        RESTDebug << cmd << RESTendl;
        int a = system(cmd.c_str());
 
        if (a == 0) {
            rename(localFiletmp.c_str(), localFile.c_str());
            return 0;
        } else {
            RESTError << "download failed! (" << remoteFile << ")" << RESTendl;
            if (a == 1024) {
                RESTError << "Network connection problem?" << RESTendl;
                return 1024;
            }
            if (a == 2048) {
                RESTError << "File does NOT exist in remotely?" << RESTendl;
                return 2048;
            }
        }
    } else if ((string)url.GetProtocol() == "ssh") {
        string cmd = "scp -P " + ToString(url.GetPort() == 0 ? 22 : url.GetPort()) + " " + url.GetUser() +
                     "@" + url.GetHost() + ":" + EscapeSpecialLetters(url.GetFile()) + " " + localFiletmp;
        cout << cmd << endl;
        int a = system(cmd.c_str());
        if (a == 0) {
            rename(localFiletmp.c_str(), localFile.c_str());
            return 0;
        }
    } else {
        if (!TRestTools::fileExists(remoteFile)) {
            RESTWarning << "Trying to download: " << remoteFile << RESTendl;
            RESTWarning << "Unknown protocol!" << RESTendl;
        }
    }
 
    return -1;
}
 
std::string TRestTools::POSTRequest(const std::string& url, const std::map<std::string, std::string>& keys) {
    std::string file_content = "";
#ifdef USE_Curl
    CURL* curl;
    CURLcode res;
 
    string filename = REST_USER_PATH + "/download/curl.out";
 
    /* In windows, this will init the winsock stuff */
    curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_ALL);
 
    FILE* f = fopen(filename.c_str(), "wt");
 
    std::string request = "";
    int n = 0;
    for (auto const& x : keys) {
        if (n > 0) request += "&";
        request += x.first + "=" + x.second;
        n++;
    }
    /* get a curl handle */
    curl = curl_easy_init();
    if (curl) {
        /* First set the URL that is about to receive our POST. This URL can
           just as well be a https:// URL if that is what should receive the
           data. */
        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, (void*)f);
        /* Now specify the POST data */
        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, request.c_str());
 
        /* Perform the request, res will get the return code */
        res = curl_easy_perform(curl);
        /* Check for errors */
        if (res != CURLE_OK)
            RESTError << "curl_easy_perform() failed: " << curl_easy_strerror(res) << RESTendl;
 
        /* always cleanup */
        curl_easy_cleanup(curl);
    }
    fclose(f);
    curl_global_cleanup();
 
    std::getline(std::ifstream(filename), file_content, '\0');
#else
    RESTError << "TRestTools::POSTRequest. REST framework was compiled without CURL support" << RESTendl;
    RESTError << "Please recompile REST after installing curl development libraries." << RESTendl;
    RESTError << "Depending on your system this might be: curl-dev, curl-devel or libcurl-openssl-dev. "
              << RESTendl;
    RESTError << "No file will be downloaded" << RESTendl;
#endif
 
    return file_content;
}
 
int TRestTools::UploadToServer(string localFile, string remoteFile, string methodUrl) {
    if (!TRestTools::fileExists(localFile)) {
        cout << "error! local file not exist!" << endl;
        return -1;
    }
    // construct path
    // [proto://][user[:passwd]@]host[:port]/file.ext[#anchor][?options]
    TUrl url(remoteFile.c_str());
    TUrl method(methodUrl.c_str());
    if (method.GetProtocol() != (string) "") url.SetProtocol(method.GetProtocol());
    if (method.GetPort() != 0) url.SetPort(method.GetPort());
    if (method.GetUser() != (string) "") url.SetUser(method.GetUser());
    if (method.GetPasswd() != (string) "") url.SetPasswd(method.GetPasswd());
 
    if ((string)url.GetProtocol() == "https" || (string)url.GetProtocol() == "http") {
        // maybe we use curl to upload to http in future
    } else if ((string)url.GetProtocol() == "ssh") {
        string cmd = "scp -P " + ToString(url.GetPort() == 0 ? 22 : url.GetPort()) + " " +
                     EscapeSpecialLetters(localFile) + " " + url.GetUser() + "@" + url.GetHost() + ":" +
                     EscapeSpecialLetters(url.GetFile());
        cout << cmd << endl;
        int a = system(cmd.c_str());
 
        if (a != 0) {
            RESTError << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << RESTendl;
            RESTError << "problem copying gases definitions to remote server" << RESTendl;
            RESTError << "Please report this problem at "
                         "http://gifna.unizar.es/rest-forum/"
                      << RESTendl;
            return -1;
        }
 
        return 0;
    }
    return 0;
}
 
void TRestTools::ChangeDirectory(const string& toDirectory) { filesystem::current_path(toDirectory); }
 
string ValueWithQuantity::ToString() const {
    string unit;
    auto value = fValue;
    if (fQuantity == ENERGY) {
        unit = "eV";
        value *= 1E3;  // since we store energy in keV, not in eV
    } else if (fQuantity == TIME) {
        unit = "s";  // time is stored in microseconds
        value *= 1E-6;
    } else if (fQuantity == LENGTH) {
        unit = "m";
        value *= 1E-3;  // since we store length in mm, not in m
    } else {
        return "";
    }
 
    const auto abs = TMath::Abs(value);
    if (abs == 0) {
        return TString::Format("%d", 0).Data();
    } else if (abs < 1E-6) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s%s", value * 1E9, "n", unit.c_str()).Data();
    } else if (abs < 1E-3) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s%s", value * 1E6, "u", unit.c_str()).Data();
    } else if (abs < 1E0) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s%s", value * 1E3, "m", unit.c_str()).Data();
    } else if (abs < 1E3) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s%s", value * 1E0, "", unit.c_str()).Data();
    } else if (abs < 1E6) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s%s", value * 1E-3, "k", unit.c_str()).Data();
    } else if (abs < 1E9) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s%s", value * 1E-6, "M", unit.c_str()).Data();
    } else if (abs < 1E12) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s%s", value * 1E-9, "G", unit.c_str()).Data();
    } else {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s%s", value * 1E-12, "T", unit.c_str()).Data();
    }
}
 
string ToTimeStringLong(double seconds) {
    const auto abs = TMath::Abs(seconds);
    if (abs < 60) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s", seconds, "seconds").Data();
    } else if (abs < 60 * 60) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s", seconds / 60.0, "minutes").Data();
    } else if (abs < 60 * 60 * 24) {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s", seconds / (60.0 * 60.0), "hours").Data();
    } else {
        return TString::Format("%.2f %s", seconds / (60.0 * 60.0 * 24.0), "days").Data();
    }
}